Earth
gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the
Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, the Earth rotates about its own axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26
solar days, or one
sidereal year.
[note 7] The Earth's axis of rotation is
tilted 23.4° away from the
perpendicular of its
orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one
tropical year (365.24 solar days). The Moon is Earth's only
natural satellite. It began orbiting the Earth about
4.53 billion years ago (bya). The Moon's gravitational interaction with Earth stimulates ocean
tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation.
The planet is home to millions of
species, including
humans. Both the
mineralresources of the planet and the products of the
biosphere contribute resources that are used to support a
global human population. These inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent
sovereign states, which interact through diplomacy, travel, trade, and military action.
Human cultures have developed many views of the planet, including its
personification as a planetary
deity, its shape
as flat, its position as
the center of the universe, and in the modern
Gaia Principle, as a single, self-regulating organism in its own right.
In general English usage, the name
earth can be capitalized or spelled in lowercase interchangeably, either when used absolutely or prefixed with "the" (i.e. "Earth", "the Earth", "earth", or "the earth"). Many deliberately spell the name of the planet with a capital, both as "Earth" or "the Earth". This is to distinguish it as a proper noun, distinct from the senses of the term as a
mass noun or verb (e.g. referring to soil, the ground, earthing in the electrical sense, etc.).
Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, with the capitalized form as a variant of it. Another common convention is to spell the name with a capital when occurring absolutely (e.g.
Earth's atmosphere) and lowercase when preceded by "the" (e.g. the atmosphere of the earth). The term almost exclusively exists in lowercase when appearing in common phrases, even without "the" preceding it (e.g. "It does not cost the earth.", "What on earth are you doing?").
The interior of the Earth, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their
chemical or physical (
rheological) properties, but unlike the other terrestrial planets, it has a distinct outer and inner core. The outer layer of the Earth is a chemically distinct
silicate solid
crust, which is underlain by a highly
viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the
Mohorovičić discontinuity, and the thickness of the crust varies: averaging
6 km (kilometers) under the oceans and 30-
50 km on the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the
upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are comprised. Beneath the lithosphere is the
asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and
660 km below the surface, spanning a
transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid
outer core lies above a solid
inner core. The inner core may rotate at a slightly higher
angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year.
Geologic layers of the Earth
Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Not to scale. | Depth km | Component Layer | Density g/cm3 |
0–60 | Lithosphere[note 8] | — |
0–35 | Crust[note 9] | 2.2–2.9 |
35–60 | Upper mantle | 3.4–4.4 |
35–2890 | Mantle | 3.4–5.6 |
100–700 | Asthenosphere | — |
2890–5100 | Outer core | 9.9–12.2 |
5100–6378 | Inner core | 12.8–13.1
|